{"id":5163,"date":"2026-03-13T16:06:49","date_gmt":"2026-03-13T16:06:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/?p=5163"},"modified":"2026-03-30T18:27:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T18:27:46","slug":"kkks-march-in-washington-d-c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/blog\/2026\/03\/13\/kkks-march-in-washington-d-c\/","title":{"rendered":"KKK&#8217;s March in Washington D.C"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.22.24-PM.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"918\" height=\"766\" src=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.22.24-PM.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.22.24-PM.png 918w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.22.24-PM-300x250.png 300w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.22.24-PM-768x641.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 918px) 100vw, 918px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">In this photograph, forty thousand members of the Klan march down Pennsylvania Avenue on August 8, 1925. Organized to counter reports of faltering enrollment, this \u201ckonklave\u201c succeeded in attracting national attention but marked the peak of Klan power in the 1920s.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<iframe src='https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/timeline3\/latest\/embed\/index.html?source=v2%3A2PACX-1vT7hsCt-F1BSGFfkxTh5rkwE2Q5FGc0Bxkrgya-FG8v8QbZQdnSGGWkdmMVyWGW3Q&#038;font=Default&#038;lang=en&#038;initial_zoom=2&#038;width=100%25&#038;height=650' width='100%' height='650' webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen frameborder='0'><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the biggest public protests in the history of the Ku Klux Klan happened on August 8, 1925, when tens of thousands of members paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. It was one of the largest displays of white nationalist power in the 1920s, with estimates ranging from 30,000 to over 50,000 participants<sup data-fn=\"d090ff0a-5d90-4b64-97df-48a5da21ec64\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d090ff0a-5d90-4b64-97df-48a5da21ec64\" id=\"d090ff0a-5d90-4b64-97df-48a5da21ec64-link\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Men in white robes and pointed hoods marched in neat columns past the country&#8217;s most famous structures for hours in an effort to gain political attention, and legitimacy.The 1925 parade was a deliberate, it was done in a symbolic gesture that claimed Klan had grown to be a powerful cultural and political force in the country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The development of the Klan through 1920s, led to the preparation and carrying out of the march, and the immediate and long-term effects of the event must all be considered in order to fully comprehend the significance of that day.When the kkk is mentioned the first thought is the United States had recently won the Civil War as well as the nation&#8217;s government was working to reconstruct the South and protect the rights of former slaves when the first Klan was founded in the late 1860s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many white Southerners fiercely opposed the expansion of African American men&#8217;s voting and political office rights. The early Klan swiftly evolved into a dangerous paramilitary organization from a little hidden club. Its members raided both white Republicans who backed Reconstruction policies and Black neighborhoods at night. Within <em>Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy&nbsp;by Edward Ball&nbsp;<\/em> a Klans men feeling towards African Americans was reveled.They wrecked property, lashed victims, set fire to homes, and occasionally killed those who tried to use their newly acquired political rights.In the summer of 1865, Constant Lecorgne and other white Southerners express discontent with the increasing visibility and behavior of African Americans in New Orleans. They note how former slaves are adopting behaviors previously reserved for whites, contributing to a substantial increase in the black population in the city as many white families leave. The presence of black soldiers patrolling the streets is seen as an insult, erasing the social hierarchy that once existed<sup>1<\/sup> <sup data-fn=\"c62def01-0cb7-4c4e-a90c-5979e787973f\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c62def01-0cb7-4c4e-a90c-5979e787973f\" id=\"c62def01-0cb7-4c4e-a90c-5979e787973f-link\">2<\/a><\/sup>.Their objective was to reestablish white political dominance in the South by intimidating populations into submission. In order to conceal their identities and instill dread, Klan members frequently pretended to be the ghosts of Confederate soldiers while donning white robes, masks, or costumes<sup data-fn=\"b609136b-98e2-45ea-b0ca-64b905875354\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#b609136b-98e2-45ea-b0ca-64b905875354\" id=\"b609136b-98e2-45ea-b0ca-64b905875354-link\">3<\/a><\/sup>. The federal government finally created legislation referred to as the Enforcement Acts, commonly known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts, which permitted federal forces to arrest members and put an end to Klan activities since this intimidation campaign had become so pervasive. These actions severely undermined the original organization by the early 1870s.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.15.33-PM-990x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5133\" style=\"aspect-ratio:0.9668021436535625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.15.33-PM-990x1024.png 990w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.15.33-PM-290x300.png 290w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.15.33-PM-768x794.png 768w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.15.33-PM.png 1416w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>White supremist known as the KKK team up with the White league<\/strong><\/em> From Harpers Weekley<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Beginning <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The start to this klan&#8217;s history begins in Pulaski, Tennessee, after the close of the American Civil War in 1865, the Ku Klux Klan was founded<sup data-fn=\"0d34cf5d-0358-4fb3-8658-c614367c3db8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#0d34cf5d-0358-4fb3-8658-c614367c3db8\" id=\"0d34cf5d-0358-4fb3-8658-c614367c3db8-link\">4<\/a><\/sup>. In response to the profound social and political transformations taking place throughout the South during Reconstruction, a select few of former Confederate soldiers created it. According to reports, the group began as a covert social organization where members made up complex titles, costumes, and rituals in part for entertainment. But it soon changed into something much more powerful and frightening. Many white Southerners resisted the civil rights benefits that previously enslaved African Americans were receiving, such as the ability to vote and participate in politics. One of the most well-known organizations devoted to upholding white supremacy and opposing federal Reconstruction programs was the Klan.In addition to intimidating Black communities, members donned white robes and hoods to hide their identity while committing violent crimes. The Klan tried to intimidate anyone who advocated for equality and prevent Black people from participating in politics through threats, violence, and killings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the late 1860s, this group had expanded over most of the South and was no longer a single, controlled organization but rather a loose network of covert units. The federal government reacted to the Klan&#8217;s widespread violence by enacting laws called the Enforcement Acts, often known as the Ku Klux Klan Acts<sup data-fn=\"7652f175-c1d7-46cd-ac73-cfcef9480378\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7652f175-c1d7-46cd-ac73-cfcef9480378\" id=\"7652f175-c1d7-46cd-ac73-cfcef9480378-link\">5<\/a><\/sup>. These laws provided the government more authority to bring charges against members and put an end to the group.By the early 1870s, the Klan had been severely undermined by federal action, which included the deployment of troops in certain regions. During Reconstruction of&nbsp; America due to the Civil War, the Ku Klux Klan initially started to make appearances. A large portion of its operations had been issued by federal enforcement measures by 1871.Ku Klux Klans come back 1915 and grew throughout the United States throughout the 1920s.<sup data-fn=\"e07b7456-5ed6-4d20-80e6-fdaebbc179b9\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#e07b7456-5ed6-4d20-80e6-fdaebbc179b9\" id=\"e07b7456-5ed6-4d20-80e6-fdaebbc179b9-link\">6<\/a><\/sup> Despite the original organization&#8217;s decrease, its ideals and symbolism persisted, and the group would eventually be reborn decades later.However, amid a large growth of racial and nativist concerns, the group was remade at Stone Mountain, Georgia, in 1915. The distinctions between this &#8220;Second Klan&#8221; and its Reconstruction were that it spread beyond the South into the Midwest, West, and Northeast.In addition to African Americans were the overall target they later expanded its targets to include Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and anybody deemed to be moral &#8220;deviants&#8221;<sup data-fn=\"fefb5909-5ec4-4dbc-a2eb-8acbf451356e\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#fefb5909-5ec4-4dbc-a2eb-8acbf451356e\" id=\"fefb5909-5ec4-4dbc-a2eb-8acbf451356e-link\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.39.10-PM-682x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5137\" style=\"width:435px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.39.10-PM-682x1024.png 682w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.39.10-PM-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.39.10-PM-580x870.png 580w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.39.10-PM.png 718w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><em>Released in 1915, Birth of a Nation a cinematic masterpiece that set new standards for the fledgling film industry. The story it tells fits perfectly into the version of history the Klan preaches.<\/em><\/strong><em>Courtesy Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KKK in the Public Eye<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Advertising and media influence were two other important strategies employed by the Klan. Newspapers, pamphlets, and advertising from the 1920s presented the Klan as champions of decency, Protestantism, and American customs.When D. W. Griffith created the&nbsp; film \u201cThe Birth of a Nation\u201d, which demonstrated the Klan in a new light during the Reconstruction era.This film illustrated the kkk as protectors of white culture, and had a significant impact on the rebirth. The Klan&#8217;s 1920s identity was largely shaped by the film&#8217;s dramatic visuals, which included flaming crosses, white robes, and ceremonial practices.The Klan had developed into a large-scale organization by the early 1920s<sup data-fn=\"3a5db099-3da1-4ed6-881e-04dc338875af\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#3a5db099-3da1-4ed6-881e-04dc338875af\" id=\"3a5db099-3da1-4ed6-881e-04dc338875af-link\">8<\/a><\/sup>. According to historians, it had between three and five million members nationally at its height. The hiring process was very much planned out when it came to recruitment. Traveling from town to town, sponsored organizers known as &#8220;Kleagles&#8221; staged protests, taking advantage of anxieties and pointing out social change, labor upheaval, and immigration.The Klan presented itself as a defender of &#8220;100 percent Americanism.&#8221; Its ideology white, native-born, Protestant supremacy was&nbsp; created. Racism, anti-Catholicism, antisemitism, Prohibition enforcement, and moral reform were all included in its rising organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>KKK in the 1920&#8217;s<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many people refer to the 1920s as the &#8220;Roaring Twenties,&#8221; a time of jazz, consumerism, flappers, and flourishing stock markets. Beneath that exterior, however, was a fierce cultural struggle.Widespread feeling was shown in the Immigration Act of 1924, which severely limited migration throughout Southern and Eastern Europe. American society was changing as a result of urbanization and industrialization. African Americans from the remote South were moving to Northern cities as part of the Great Migration.Then later on during the 1920, women were granted the right to vote.Many people viewed these developments as unsettling, especially the white Protestant Americans. The Klan took advantage of people&#8217;s discomfort in the matter. It portrayed itself as an interested, brotherly group that upheld traditional values.The power of the Klan was more than just symbolic;It had significant political interest in areas like Colorado and Indiana. Klansmen had become elected into local authorities, senators, and governors. State legislatures, police forces, and school boards were all affected by the elections of klansmen<sup data-fn=\"46777b59-054a-457a-b90d-efde973fb851\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#46777b59-054a-457a-b90d-efde973fb851\" id=\"46777b59-054a-457a-b90d-efde973fb851-link\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.36.16-PM-1024x660.png\" alt=\"Stephenson Trial\" class=\"wp-image-5165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.36.16-PM-1024x660.png 1024w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.36.16-PM-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.36.16-PM-768x495.png 768w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-11-at-1.36.16-PM.png 1402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>D.C. Stephenson in the IndyStar newspaper, December 12, 1922 issue<\/strong><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But by 1925 scandals started coming to light including Indiana Grand Dragon D.C.&#8217;s conviction. Stephenson for murder and rape harmed the organization&#8217;s standing this caused a large decline of membership.Despite the decline in memberships the Washington march was meant to show that the Klan was still powerful and cohesive.The choice to stage a large-scale procession in the country&#8217;s capital was thoughtful and calculated. Washington was seen as a&nbsp; representation of political legitimacy, national cohesion, and federal power. The Klan aimed to demonstrate that it was a major American force rather than a fringe one by marching there<sup data-fn=\"26657848-34c1-4a0f-b594-feca32cff64c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#26657848-34c1-4a0f-b594-feca32cff64c\" id=\"26657848-34c1-4a0f-b594-feca32cff64c-link\">10<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Permits were obtained, and transportation from all across the nation was arranged. Delegations traveled by bus and train. Robbed members of crowded hotels as local law police anticipated both fans and&nbsp; attackers as they prepared for crowd management.This was going to be a totally public event, unlike the covert night trips of the past. The Klan wanted attention<sup data-fn=\"7a840ecd-a74b-4562-93cf-c0776bc452e7\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7a840ecd-a74b-4562-93cf-c0776bc452e7\" id=\"7a840ecd-a74b-4562-93cf-c0776bc452e7-link\">11<\/a><\/sup>.Calvin Coolidge, the president, refused to examine the procession. The march continued despite his reluctance, which indicated official distance.Participants gathered close to the Capitol grounds early on August 8. According to reports, they formed columns 22 in a row. Patriotic music was performed by bands as Klan emblems were clearly displayed beside American flags.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The procession traveled Pennsylvania Avenue for around three hours. A network of white robes that stretched many blocks was recounted by onlookers. The walkways were lined with spectators. While some simply observed, others applauded or mocked.The fact that many marchers took off their masks was one large action that shocked many which was the removal of their hoods. In contrast to previous Klan secrecy, this gesture implied trust and an idea that these klans men were everyday people. Participants were open to being recognized as members in public.For the most part, everything went according to plan. Barriers were upheld by police. There were a few isolated occurrences, such as things being hurled from windows and obscenities being yelled, but there was no widespread violence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heavy rain interfered with scheduled speakers in the afternoon. The Klan&#8217;s ceremonial symbolism was reinforced by the illumination of a huge electric cross at a track outside the city.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Newspapers all throughout the nation covered the march in great detail. The spectacle, the visual effect of many white-robed individuals against federal architecture, was frequently the subject of coverage.The philosophy of the Klan was attacked in certain newspapers. Others handled the incident impartially, demonstrating how accepted the group had grown in some quarters.The march was seen as an open rebellion by African American publications. Civil rights activists cautioned that these kinds of protests gave racial intimidation legitimacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"527\" src=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.45.13-PM-1024x527.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.45.13-PM-1024x527.png 1024w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.45.13-PM-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.45.13-PM-768x395.png 768w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.45.13-PM-1536x790.png 1536w, https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-04-at-12.45.13-PM.png 1574w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong><em>This photograph published by the Portland Telegram on August 2, 1921, a day after reporters summoned to the Multnomah Hotel in Portland by an enticing phone message. At the hotel (now Embassy Suites), the newspapermen entered a room crowded with some of the most influential men in the city, including the mayor and the chief of police, who had received the same phone call.<\/em><\/strong><em>Oregon Historical Society Research Library<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The event&#8217;s symbolic significance was unaffected by the lack of significant bloodshed. It served as an example that organized racists used both fear and civic engagement.The 1925 march revealed a number of important facts, including the fact that Klan was not limited to the South and that its members marched in public, indicating societal acceptability in some areas. The purpose of the event was to sway public opinion and legislators.It represented the conflict between reactionary nationalism and contemporary pluralism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the march also signaled a change. The Klan was scrutinized more because of the very prominence it wanted. Its reputation was damaged by criminal cases and investigative journalism.Decline increased after the march due to public anger and internal malfeasance. By the conclusion of the decade, membership had drastically decreased. National priorities changed with the start of the Great Depression.The mass-membership political force of the early 1920s never recovered the same level of dominance, even if later Klan incarnations would reappear.Later discussions around radical gatherings and freedom of organization have brought the August 8 march back into the public consciousness. Its images still serve as powerful reminders of the extent to which bigotry used to permeate society.The incident highlights a key historical lesson of the 1920s is when social and political circumstances allow, bigotry may grow both in secret and in public<sup data-fn=\"d457fdbc-324f-4a27-a6fb-877640b61698\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d457fdbc-324f-4a27-a6fb-877640b61698\" id=\"d457fdbc-324f-4a27-a6fb-877640b61698-link\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The August 1925 march on Washington by the Ku Klux Klan was more than just a procession. At the peak of the organization&#8217;s national authority, it was a staged display of power. It was a reflection of the 1920s&#8217; general concerns about immigration, race, religion, and cultural change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, it also portended the demise of the Klan. The organization exposed both its strengths and weaknesses by going public. Scandal, public scrutiny, and changing social events would soon threaten its hegemony.The march continues to serve as a striking example of how democratic society can tolerate, even momentarily legitimate, hate and exclusionary groups. We can gain a better understanding of American pluralism&#8217;s resilience and fragility by studying it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ku Klux Klan in Washington, 1921-1925. (n.d.). https:\/\/www.historylink.org\/file\/20718<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ku Klux Klan &#8211; New Georgia encyclopedia. (n.d.). https:\/\/www.georgiaencyclopedia.org\/articles\/history-archaeology\/ku-klux-klan-in-the-reconstruction-era\/m-1264\/<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era &#8211; New Georgia encyclopedia. (n.d.-b). https:\/\/www.georgiaencyclopedia.org\/articles\/history-archaeology\/ku-klux-klan-in-the-reconstruction-era\/<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Records of Rights<\/em>. Ku Klux Klan March (Video), 1925. (n.d.). https:\/\/recordsofrights.org\/records\/388\/ku-klux-klan-march-video<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>The Ku Klux Klan and violence at the polls: The Reconstruction Era: National leader in Civic Education Resources: Bill of Rights Institute<\/em>. National Leader in Civic Education Resources | Bill of Rights Institute. (n.d.). https:\/\/billofrightsinstitute.org\/essays\/the-ku-klux-klan-and-violence-at-the-polls<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">KKK meets with Portland leaders, 1921. (n.d.-a). https:\/\/www.oregonhistoryproject.org\/articles\/historical-records\/kkk-meets-with-portland-leaders-1921\/<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Ku Klux Klan<\/em>. Southern Poverty Law Center. (2025, May 22). https:\/\/www.splcenter.org\/resources\/extremist-files\/ku-klux-klan\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A&amp;E Television Networks. (2025, November 4). <em>Ku Klux Klan: Origin, members &amp; facts<\/em>. History.com. https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/ku-klux-klan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Citations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy&nbsp;by Edward Ball&nbsp;<\/em><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Gospel according to the Klan : the KKK&#8217;s appeal to Protestant America, 1915-1930 \/&nbsp;Kelly J. Baker.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Life of a Klansman: A Family History in White Supremacy&nbsp;by Edward Ball&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"d090ff0a-5d90-4b64-97df-48a5da21ec64\">Members in 1925 <a href=\"#d090ff0a-5d90-4b64-97df-48a5da21ec64-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c62def01-0cb7-4c4e-a90c-5979e787973f\">Quote from Life of a Klansman  <a href=\"#c62def01-0cb7-4c4e-a90c-5979e787973f-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"b609136b-98e2-45ea-b0ca-64b905875354\">KKK Attire <a href=\"#b609136b-98e2-45ea-b0ca-64b905875354-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"0d34cf5d-0358-4fb3-8658-c614367c3db8\">KKK 1865 <a href=\"#0d34cf5d-0358-4fb3-8658-c614367c3db8-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7652f175-c1d7-46cd-ac73-cfcef9480378\">Late 1800&#8217;s <a href=\"#7652f175-c1d7-46cd-ac73-cfcef9480378-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"e07b7456-5ed6-4d20-80e6-fdaebbc179b9\">Rise is the KKK <a href=\"#e07b7456-5ed6-4d20-80e6-fdaebbc179b9-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"fefb5909-5ec4-4dbc-a2eb-8acbf451356e\">Aggression Towards People <a href=\"#fefb5909-5ec4-4dbc-a2eb-8acbf451356e-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"3a5db099-3da1-4ed6-881e-04dc338875af\">Remodeling of the KKK <a href=\"#3a5db099-3da1-4ed6-881e-04dc338875af-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"46777b59-054a-457a-b90d-efde973fb851\">KKK in society <a href=\"#46777b59-054a-457a-b90d-efde973fb851-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 9\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"26657848-34c1-4a0f-b594-feca32cff64c\">The negative narrative of the KKK <a href=\"#26657848-34c1-4a0f-b594-feca32cff64c-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 10\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7a840ecd-a74b-4562-93cf-c0776bc452e7\">KKK Crime <a href=\"#7a840ecd-a74b-4562-93cf-c0776bc452e7-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 11\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d457fdbc-324f-4a27-a6fb-877640b61698\">Increase KKK Membership <a href=\"#d457fdbc-324f-4a27-a6fb-877640b61698-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 12\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Overview One of the biggest public protests in the history of the Ku Klux Klan happened on August 8, 1925, when tens of thousands of members paraded down Pennsylvania Avenue&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"d090ff0a-5d90-4b64-97df-48a5da21ec64\",\"content\":\"Members in 1925\"},{\"id\":\"c62def01-0cb7-4c4e-a90c-5979e787973f\",\"content\":\"Quote from Life of a Klansman \"},{\"id\":\"b609136b-98e2-45ea-b0ca-64b905875354\",\"content\":\"KKK Attire\"},{\"id\":\"0d34cf5d-0358-4fb3-8658-c614367c3db8\",\"content\":\"KKK 1865\"},{\"id\":\"7652f175-c1d7-46cd-ac73-cfcef9480378\",\"content\":\"Late 1800's\"},{\"id\":\"e07b7456-5ed6-4d20-80e6-fdaebbc179b9\",\"content\":\"Rise is the KKK\"},{\"id\":\"fefb5909-5ec4-4dbc-a2eb-8acbf451356e\",\"content\":\"Aggression Towards People\"},{\"id\":\"3a5db099-3da1-4ed6-881e-04dc338875af\",\"content\":\"Remodeling of the KKK\"},{\"id\":\"46777b59-054a-457a-b90d-efde973fb851\",\"content\":\"KKK in society\"},{\"id\":\"26657848-34c1-4a0f-b594-feca32cff64c\",\"content\":\"The negative narrative of the KKK\"},{\"id\":\"7a840ecd-a74b-4562-93cf-c0776bc452e7\",\"content\":\"KKK Crime\"},{\"id\":\"d457fdbc-324f-4a27-a6fb-877640b61698\",\"content\":\"Increase KKK Membership\"}]"},"categories":[1],"tags":[107],"class_list":["post-5163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-107"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5163","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5163"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5163\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5163"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5163"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dh-wordpress.ramapo.edu\/discovering1920s\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}